Aerocraft.



F. W. GORE.

AEROGRAFT.

APPLIGATION HLED sumas. 1909.

1,123,729, Patented JaIL, 1915.

3 BHBETB--BHBET l.'y

Wn GORE.

AEROCRAFT.

APPLwATIoN rILED SEPT.

Pawnm Jan. 5, 1915.

3 SHEETS-"'HEET 2.

i N VENTOR F. W. GORE.

AEROCRAFT.

APPLIGAHON FILED s212123, 1909.

Patented Jan. 5, 1915.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3".

-UNlTED STATESYAPATENT OFFICE.

FREDERICK W'. GORE, OF NFV YORK, N. Y.

Appcation led September 23, 1909.

T0 ai! 'irri/0m it may concer/i.'

Be it known that l, Iiiinnimi lV. GORE, a Citizen of the United States, residing in the cit)v of New York, borough of lrooltlvin, countv of Kings, and ate l New lorlr, have `invented :i certain nerY and useful Aeroeraft, of which the following is a speciltication.

This invention is an aerooriilt invoiiiig in its construction elements which tend to establish forces that counteract or neutralize the air pressure and the wind pressure from any angle or direction While in Hight, tliiis securingr stability of the craft by overcoming an)Y tendency to eiipeize the eriiit or to deviate from a predetermined course by the 'prevalence of opposing air pressures or Contrary winds.

The capacity for sustaining the weight or load is secured by novel construction of aeroplzines, one of 'which :i rross sectionally curved niemher extending in the diret tion of the length of the craft. iiliereais other of said aeroi'ilanes are eiiilioilied in the forni of wing planes positioned at the respective sides of said ein-ved iiieiiilier. zanl wing planes being preferably. although not essentially, curved or arched in order to in-v crease the weiglitrarrjving capacity et' the Craft.

Stabiliti7 ci the eial't is obtained. pri niiiiilv, by the eiiiploriniL-nt oi the wing pliines, and liv the addition of certain rel sietanee nieiiihers or planes which rriierate with, the Crows serlionnllr urteil inviiiboi' and with the wing plaines. iiesiieiftii'ojv. Seid resistance iiieinlieis .i iilfiiies operate to seeiire the reartionaiv forces ni fill'ertai which preclude deiifition oi the erai't. troni its predetermined ourse by wind iiiesiii'e ahead, astern, or trim either side. and ii :i tend. also, to obriate 'u'isixing ol the croit bi; sudden gusts of Wind irons either side or at :in i7 angle relatii'e to theI craft or the iliieitirn (fits inoi'fiinent. One of the utdreeaid res :tance planes is iirsitioiied reu trally with respect to the eross erctioiiiilli .izried member. andv iii rile rinlifilinient of the invent n, this particular plane is, fri/ii- Strueted to allow air to rireuleite therethrough in order to decrease the reistiniei. Said plane is, or indy be. provided. also. with :iii,\:iliar)r plaines adiiiited to be folded er unfolded relative to the plane. iriicrelir the eiieiiftir area et' the resistance plane niais' be increased er decreased. Other of said Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 5. 1915 Serial No. 519,195.

resistance planes extend fron/1 the respective sides of the cross sectionally curved member, the axes of said resistance planes being at a right angle to the axis of the Curved niernlier, :ind each lateral resistance plane being positioned :it an :ingle to the direction or line of flight. Still other resistance planes are employed in connection with the wing planes, und` these resistance planes are so positioned and proportioned that. in noir neetion with the Central longitudinal resistance plane, they otter such areas ot surfece to the iiir or wind pressure as will neutralize the effect of msudden g st which otherwise would eapsize the craft or at least seriously impair its stability.

For steering,1r the craft, provision is made for rleeeting from n-i.- inal positions the end portions of the wing planes whereby they pressure against the defleeted sections will turn the orafi; in the desired direotifn. Provision is made, also, for shielding the operator against the force of the air or wind in rzi pid flight through the air. Control of the craft is obtained by devices placed within the convenient reach of the operator.

'The accompanying drawings illustrate, without regard to details of eoiistriu-tion, my new zierocriift in :i preferred form of construction. ivliereiii Figure l is :i rieii in side elevation of niv noi.' :iereirai't Fig'. :l is :i tioiit view thereol. that is to say, looking: loii'ard the lett hand end of Fig. i. Fig. I3 is a top pliiii vien, :ind Fig. 4 is a lioi'toiii plan View. Fig. is :i Vertieal liinglitiiilina section showing' the shutter in position when the :iir Voi-ts are open, the feather-inf: pliines when in notion, the motors, and the :.ii'iiitors station and sont. Fie. is a View similar to Figi. 5. slii'iwine; the .shutter in position when front part ol the ventral longitudinal sistiinee plane showing the shutter housed therein. Figi. l0 is a vertical cross section through the rear part et the central lungh,

tudinal resistance plane illustrating he feathering Yanes folded nitli'n said plane. Figs. il to 19 inclusii'e are diagrammatic views llluslraiing the niain elements eniplo'ed in the construction of the Craft and the dirgrtions 0f aerien of the opposing forces irl'iereby Stabilit.' is secured. Fig. ii() is a liable showing the acting and counteracting lorries.

In Figs, 7, 8, and ll to l) both inclusive there are :ehnrfn rliagraiunuitically the main elemens enigiloreil in ihe construction of my aeroorai'l. 'lfhose elen'ieni are a cross sectionaliy rurred member, A., extending the full lengn nl' the craft, a resistance ineinber, Il. positioned within curved mei'nber,

A, and also extending' the full lengih of the craft, stability or re isianee planes, C, Q, the axes of rchiffh are ai right angles to the axes of members, B, stabilizing or Wing planes, I), LV, at the respeetire sides nl' ilie craft, a propeller er propellers, E, E. E2, and lnotire power for driving the pronellers.

At the outset l desire te explain, as hriefir as n'iay he, the principles involved in my aerocra'ft wherebr il', is rendered capable of sustaining itself in thc-air during light, and stability is secured. The elements just enunierated perform, uiaini, the functions nee essary to these Nuls, although lieir artions are supplemented hv Certain, additional flevices, to be hereinafter described.

To illustrare the forces acting on lie air, We ill assume that prf'ipoller, l, is :betaling and that the craft is moving in the direction of lengh of members, A, B, anti indicated by the arrow, I), Figs. ll and 1S. The wind force, acting in the rlifeeion o? awww, l"A Figs. 1l and 1L. exerts pressure on the fnv ward inclined stabilizing or resisance plane, C, and thus has a anilvncj io depress the forward parl of inenil-ars, A. "i, on the center indicaleil at c? (Fi ll Lo in) as the axis of mmion. The {erw-.irri uuuion ol lhe rraf brings into action a couiueraeting force, indicated hr ihn arrow, l, Figs. ifi, ll. anffl 15, which force arts on the under surfare or caricare side (if ein-reel member, A eflfigs. 13 and 14?. said forro. ll". haring a tenrleiiiy to inmarl an ugirfaiil inelina'ion to n'ieinber. A. (Figi. lili Thus we have the force, F2, acting on siabililjn or resisanee plane. C. to exert a downward pressure (Figs. ll and 12), and the force. F". .f e ing* on member. A, to exert. an upward pressure (Figs. 13 and lll, such forces, F', lf2, opposing each other and produring what r; a couple ized (Fig. iff) anal stri. i the craft mores in he fliiifr Figs. Mio l5, inrlusiisir.

ll'hen ilu: aernma is in iighr.. its motion may he saiil to cui out a column of air, or in other words, 4die air inuuecliately surrounding the Craft nizw he said to be denser are iius neutrah aerurea. when ma of arrow, l).

than the remaining air, the denser air en Yeloping the craft serving as a supporting medium for said craft. ln its flight, the denser air is foroeil in ai the forward part of curved member. A. mainly hy the action of propeller, E, anfl this Current of air, Co1ning into Contact with the forward resistance plane, C, is deflected upward, sei the arrows in lf iff?. Causing a compression a the apex of (he lair re nre Llanes. (l, C. after pasng which apex the air expands, in n inea.. ire, and inake its exit' ai' the rear of ol member, A.. This eurrent of air pa. ig through curved nien r, A, is an @rer present force which tends lo exert liftingi and stabilizing: 'foires on. the eraft.

In if? and 1S. members. A, l, are l" sun as ring brac l, 2, stabilirfiin;r or resisanee planes, C, L". being; mnil'lerl. The forces acting on the exposed sifle or convex surface of member, A.. are. shown diagram znaticall)v in Fig.

ii when ilfe ehorl of said member, is hori'fonal; but should inembers, I B. he tilted elen/iso so as lo assume the angle shown in l* l, and fixed in that position. then the lowes affing on the maar bers, A, l. as shown in Fig'. lf?, would he similar to he forces aicing, in part. to force the nieniher A, B, in the aermraft to their normal posiion.

To illustrate the acting and Counlrraoting fore-es exerted upon the craft under a side pressure from the right, Fig. 19 is added to the drawings. Said ligure illustrates members, A, B, wing planes D, D', and resist ance planes, l", F. (l, (il cooperating with the stabilizing wing: planes, stabilizing resistanee planes, C, heini; omitted. lt is assumed that the orafi. is traveling head on toward the observer, and that a heavy Wind force is ailing; in the (lii'eefion of arrow` i7. This exlreine ang, .lmsen Lo bring; info operation the perpendimiiar resistanre plane l1" and Jie wing plane D'. The pernemlifrular resisiance planes I". F. l. il are secured io (he ning planes l) and D and are parallel with 'the curved member A. The unfler surface of the wing planes D, D will he cons'fiered in this instance. The total Wing plane area of ear-h wing plane is d iriihal into two parts, resportivelv, br the perpendicular resistance planes l?, F'. The force of the Wind acting on the surface oi the wing plane. at the right of the periiei'uliciilar resistance plane F exert-s a 'i rassure equal lo 3.33 lbs. per square ifi/.1L of sui-fair. This pressure what. may he termed the arting force FA. By intrndueing ihe perpeiuliein lar resiaanre plane F a ililioren angle of nulinaiinn gieisoiiteil io f lie winrl fori/e, therefor( he in'. ui e affine on die werpenrli lar resistance plaga.: l" is nier than the pressure acting on ih- 'siiriaee fr? the wing plane I) at the. right (if the perpenA lli) dicular resistance plane F. This force is represented bv they force F.5:5 lbs. per square foot. This may be termed the counteracting force The area of the Wing plane D, to the lecward. of the perpendicular 'resistance plane F, is protected from the direct force of the wind. The dotted line extending from thi-lower extremity of the .erpendicular resistance plane lf, to the surace of the wing plane l), shows the extent of the protected area of the wing plane l). The exposed or etlectiw area is acted upon by the force Fil-.24.50 lbs. per sonar@ foot. The curved member A, from where the wing plane D is joined thereto presents Various angles of inclinations. therefore. the pressure varies. The forces acting on the curved member A., and the etiective area ol' member B are shown in the table marked F..\. These may be termed oourntcractiug,r fort-,es DA. which aggregate a pressure of 4.1 lbs. per square fom. The extent ofthcprotccted area of the wingr plane l.) is shown by the dotted line extending from the lett side ol the curved member A. to the under surface of the wing plane D". This area beingr to the leeward of the curved member A. n ot exposed to the direct force ot' the wind. The perpendicular' resistance plane F', however, receiyes the full torre o' the wind.. and the force is represented by lfS equals 5 lbs. per square foot of surface. This force may be termed a counteracting force, F8. The extent ofthe protected area ot the wing plane D at the left ot the perpendictr lar resistance plane F' is shown by the dotted line extending from the lower ex tremity of the perpendicular resistance 'plane F to the under surface of the wing plane D. The exposed or effective area of the wing plane D' is acted upon by the force, FSL-:3.33 lbs. per square foot of surface. This may he termed the counteriwting 'force F9. Aggregating' all tlnl :forces acting on the aerorral't at the speriiei'l angle, it is found that the average lifting or acting force of 25.91 lbs. per square toot table Fig. Q0) meets with an average counteractv ing force of 4.2i. lhs. per square foot. and. hence. the area i'uesented to the wind pres sure, exerting :i force ot il lll llifs. per square foot, which tends to eapsinae the cra it. would be 0]"poscd or counterurtril by an. arcaJ against which the wind emits a premiare of Alfil lbs. per square toot. Therefore the factor of safety is more than solirient to take care of ver); sudden and strmig; gusts of wind which. perchance, iniglit strike aeroeraft without a inoiuent's warning The respective areas can therefore be proportioned accordingly. 'lo illustrate, if the under surface of the ning plane D at the right of the perpendicular resistance plane F, contains an area, say of 10 square feet, the pressure would amount to 33.3 lbs Now since the perpendicular resistance plano F offers a resistance of 5 lhs. per square foot, the area of said plane is so pro` portioned that the area in square feet multiplied by the lbs. per square t'oot would produce a pressure slightly in excess of 4the acting force FA. for exan'iple, say, (3.7 square feet equals the area of the perpendicular resistance plane F. Ihe area 6.7 square feet times the pressure, 5 lbs. per square foot equals 33.5 lbs. equals the counteracting force thereby neutralizing the eli'eet of a sudden gust ol" wind on the side oli' the craft.

The calculations are based on the formula.

Pn 2 1) sin' 1.84 cos. 1-1.

Une tenth of the full value is used foi illustrative purposes.

Proceeding now to a detail description of the craft constructed as shown in Figs. 1 to l0 inclusire, the cross sectionally curved plane, A, may be composed of'fabric, sach as balloon silk stretched around a suitable frame work in the ordinary manner of constructing planes for aerial machines, but it is evident that thin sheet metal ot' light weight may be employed in the construction of said cross sectionally curved plane. I may employ aluminum in the manufacture ot' the plane, A, and in this event the aluminum shell forming the plane should be reinforced by bands indicated at o in Figs. l and 3. The endportions of the cross sectionally curved plane are cut inclined or beveled at a', ai, respectively, forming an angle of inclination of said end portions, o', (z2, to the longitudinal axis of the plane, A, being about 10 or 30 degrees according the craft is to be built for speed purposes or for ordinary commercial pur-- poses.

The resistance plane, B, is positioned centrally with respect to curved plane, A.. Said resistance plane, B, is partly within the curved plane, the upper edge of said resistance plane being joined to the middle portion of the curved plane in any suitable rigid way. The resistance plane extends the fidi lf-ugth of the curved plane and of the craft. and this resistance plane is sul slantiully rectangular in forni .so that the end portions ot said resistance plane are exposed. beyond the beveled end portions,

' olf said curved plane.

fr fr'. plane, ll. is of greater width than the adius ot' the semi-circular plane, .i and thus the lower edge of plane, B, is exposed below the corresponding lower edge of the curved The resistance 12o shell constituting plane. A, all as clearly shown in Figs. l and 2 of the drawings, and indicated in the diagrammatic Figs. l5. 1.6, l?. LR and 19 of said drawings. l

The aviators Station, G, is shown as a box-like inclosure intersecting with the 1ongitiidinal resistance plane. B, the side walls. g. of said Station beiner enrred toward each other and meeting said r '1,1 `anse plane, as shown in Fig. 7. The ariators station is equipped with a suitable seat. G. for the accommodation ol the ariator. but the upper and lower parts ol this station are open in order that the aiiaio: may easil)v gain access to or leave said station,

The stability or resistanre planes. C. C', extend from the respective sides ol' the eentral longitudinal plane. ll. said stabilithiT planes. (l. C. being at. a right angle to plane.y Vll. and one or both of said resistance planes 'crossingr the aiviatofs station. (ir. These lateral planes. C, C. are at. an angle. to eaeh other and they are inclined to the lox'igritudinal axis ol the uralt. see. Figs. l, C, i and 8. and diagrammatic views ll. l2. l5 and 1G. The 'forward resistance plane. C, is inclined downwardly and forwardly. whereas the rear resistance plane, C'. is inelined downwardl \y and rearwardly. said re i* resistanee plane, C. partly closingr .the lower side of station. il.

Stabilizing wing.r planes. D. D. are positioned at the respeetire sitY s of the. craft. eaeh wing plane haring a straglitinneredge whiehis` atta hed in a suitable wayi 1to the shell Compositiei the eross seetionally curved plane. llaeh wing plane is of the shape shown more particularlyY in Figs. il and /l of the drawings,` by reference to which it will be seen that .said wing' plane is ap` proxiniately triangular ,in form. with thi` apex of the triangle at the rear. The wide forward portion of eaeh stabiliyn;r wine."

plane. D. D. inuiided by rurve-l' edlesv d. and. an inclined edge. in". thas inoiliieixig an aiiproxiinately pointed flexible member. D2. the pointed extremitiv7 rl of whieh is adapted to eleai'e through the air. The inelined or enried outer edge. fl. of eaeh wine eonverges with respect to the straight inner edge. d, ot said winjfj so as to term a taperii'ig rear portion. l il. Each stabilizing wing may be rigidly' 'fastened at its straight inner edge. (.13. to the eral't. or said wing nia)7 be pivotallv eonneijfted to the rralt. or said wing mayv be detaehahlv fastened to the craft. as may be found most desirable. ln Figs. l. 2. and l l have shown eaeb stabiliin;` win!y plane as being attached rigidlv to the eral't. and said wing plane is braeed or stmed by suitable truss worl indieated erenerall'v by the relerenoe rharaeter. i.. said truss 'work beine; shown more clearlyY in Fig. Q nl the drawin'fs. llaeh wing` plane eens ,ts ol' a suitable skele ton traine over which the fahrir stretched so as to le ltr-nt in a taut condition. The end portions. Di. D1". of eaeli wing plane are flexible or pliable so that they may be delleeted upwardly or downwardly with re speet to the intermediate portions of said wingl plane, said portions of the wing plane intermediate the pliable or flexible meinbers. D2, D3, being substantially rigid. As shown. the stabilizing wing planes extend outwardly from the euried plane. A, and

eaeh wing plane. is pieferibly arched or carved in Cross seettional Contour. see Fig. 2. whereby wing planes. D. D'. and curved, plane. afford the desired weight carrying rapaeity to the eralt.

For the purpose ol' steering the craft. I provide means lor adjustii b the tlexible inemv bers. D2. D. ot' the wing planes. D. D. a separat-e rudder being omitted. From the upper side of flexible member. D2, of each wing"r plane extends an operating wire or eable l. the saine being seein-ely fastened at to said member. D2. and running over a guide member 53. said wire l leadinf,r to aviators station. (l, and providing means whereby the member. D. may be drawn npwardly, From the upper side of flexible member. D". at the rear of earh wingplane. extends an operating Cable or wire 4. the saine beiner fastened rigidly to the tail point at 5 and leadiingr from a -quille member 6 so as to extend to operatorls station. Gr, said wire 4t aftording means for raising' the. flexible member. D3. at the rear edge of the wing plane. all as clearly shown in Fig. 3.

'ires l and @enable members. D2.l D3. of each wine' plane to be raised. and similar wires 7 and 8 are provided on the under side of 'each wingr plane lor the purpose of depressingr said flexible members. D2. D3, in order that they mav be drawn downwardly. As shown in Fig. 4. wire 7 is fixed at the point 7a to the under side of flexible member. D2, of eael'i wing plane. .aid wire 7 running over a suitable guide 9 and extending to operators station. G. so that said member. D". may be drawn downwardly. The other operating wire 8 is fastened at the point lO to the under side of flexible wing 1 member. D. of eat-h wing' plane. said Wire Fl extendingr forwardlv to operatoi"s station. (l. `for the purpose of enabling the operator to pull downwardly on the wing member. Daf

From the foregoing description it will be understood that flexible nie1nbers..D2. of the wing planes. D. D. may be separately drawn downward by pulling on operating wires 7 7. but should it be desired to raise the forward members. D2. of said wing: planes. D. D. or either of said rneinbers, D?. wires l--l may be separatel;7 operated. l ln a similar manner the Win members. D3. of wing planes. D` D. may* be drawn downward!)v by oi'ierating the wires S-8. but should it be desired to raise the wing members.. D37 or eitherl of them, the proper Wires tare pulled by the operatonoccupying the station G. It will be understood that the forward members D2 of the Winar planes maybe' operated separately or collectively. Also the rear inembers D3 may be operated separately or collectively. 'lo steer tothe riliht, the rcar Vmember D'on the right side of the cra it ldesired to ascend at a` greater angle. the

forward members AD2 of the wing planes D, D are drawn simultaneously into position by means of the wires 1-1. To descend the rear members are drawn simultaneously into position by means of the wires 8 8. lf a quicker descent is desired the forward members D2 are drawn simultaneously into position by means ot' the wires T---7. By making the forward and rearward members of the wing planes flexible or pliable and providing means such as described for operating said members of the respective planes, the operator is able to send the craft in an upward direction or in a downward direction, and to steer the craft right or left as may be desired, said craft having a tendency. when the parts are in normal position, to pursue a horizontal course when the propeller', E, is rotated at the required speed.

The propeller, E, is positioned, preferably, at the extreme forward end of the craft. The shaft, e, of said propeller ranges lengthwise of the craft for a suitable distance, and it is supported at the upper central part of curved plane, A, see Figs. 1, 2, 5 and fi of the drawings. The propeller is exterior to the planes. A, ll, at the extreme forward end thereof, and it operates to send a current bf air under carved plane, A, for the purpose hereinbefore explained. suitable motoror engine. H. the position of which is indicated inV Fig. 5 and 6. Said motor or engine is within curved plane, A,

forward of aviators station, G, and abovey resistance plane, (l, and the shaft of said motor is connected by suitable belting ory gearing.r to propeller shaft, e.

For the purpose of increasing the lifting oapacitv of the cra Ft so that the operator is enabled to ascend to higher` altitudes, I employ auxiliary propellers. E. E2, shown in Figs. l, 5 and (i. Said auxiliary propellers are shown as eonsisting;v of a hub and tangential arms having curved blades, but the particular form of the propeller is not material. Said propellers are positioned :1t-the lrespective sides of thecraft Said propeller is driven from a` exteriorly to curved plane, A, and resistance planes. C, C'. forward of aviators station, G, and they are adapted to be driven by an auxiliary engine or motor, H. see Fig. 5 and ll, said motor being below the apex of lateral sistance planes. (l, C. (lf cours-te, suitable provision is made for throwing the auxiliary motor into action, but normally the motor, H, for propr-llera E, is in oiiieration.

Provision is made for varying the oliective arca oi longitudinal resistance plane, B, and in Figs. l. E), and 10 of the drawings I have shown difl'erent enibodimcnts of devices for accomplishing this purpose. At the. forward part of said resistance plane, B, is a slidable shutter, l, the saine beingr housed or contained within a pocket, i, which is formed in said forward part of plane, B. Said porkcted part. of plane, B. is provided with a series of slots, see Fig. 9, and within the pocket is positioned the shutter, I. said shutter havin;l slots. 2, which are adapted to be shifted into and out or register with the slot.. i', of plane. ll, `When the shutter is moved in a forward direction so as to occupy the position of Fig. 6, the slots. 1'?. of said shutter are tut of register with the slot, i', of the plane, and thus the solid part of said shutter closes the slots. i. `rigor the purpose of precloding thc` cireulation of air througllxthe slotted part of the plane. The shutter is supported at itsI rdn'es bv si'sitable rollers. /ffsee Figs. 5 and (i, to insure easy sliding movement thereto. and with tbe shifer is associated suitable operating meansY for imparting,r said sliding movement thereto. The operating means in one embodiment of the invention consists oi o sliding rod. I. extending into the aviators station. G, so as to be reached conveniently by the operator occupying seat. G.`tlie forward end portion of said rod. l', beine' connected bv a link. I2, to the rear part of the shutter. l't is evident that the operator may draw the rod rearwardli for the purpose of moving shutter, {.to the position of Fig. 5. whereby the slots. 2. of said shutter are in register with the slots. z". of plane. B, thus allowing: air to circulate through the slotted part or' the Diane and decreasing the resistance offered by said plane to the wind pressure. Means are provided. also, for varying; the effective area of the resistance plane at the rear part thereof. and in Figs. (5 and 7 of the drawings T have shown said means in the form ofr featheringl planes or vanes, J. J `Said rear part of longitudinal resistance plane. B. is constructed to form a porlqet j, said pocket extending lengthwise of plane B, from' a point immediately in rear of aviators station. G. toward the extreme rear end of said plane, B. as shown more clearly in Figs. 5, 6 and 10. The feathering planes The propellers are justpressure.

aro of the tapering; form ropronted in Figs. and they are nositioiuwl so as' to ha i iolosed or liouswl vriihin nid poeket. j, respectively. Said planos. J. J. are mounted at thi-ir forward @nds on Yshort axlfs oi' pivots. .1.1. and from thm@ axles tend crank firing. fr". nliirli are Coiiiuctolil liv pivotsd iiiiks to arms. las, on :i cross lieail, K. This cross head attached to a siiding rod. K. which is iieltl normally in oniJ ponition by a coileti spring. K1, Said springr not ing to impel the roti. and cross head, K, in a forward direction for the purpose of moving the arms. le', is, to thel poition ot' Fig. 5, whereby the varies. J, J. are moved on their pivots, is. to tiir, open positions shown in Fig. Tho vanos' are. thusV adapt ed to be exposed above and lioiow the pocketed portion j, of they refiistzinco plane. l. at the rear partthei'eoi". and said vanos, J, J. substantially increase the @ihn-tive area of the rosistanre plano exposed to wind or air The operatingI rod, K', is ander the control of tiw aviator occupying; seat, G', through the. insti-nineiitalitv of a treadle, J2, Said rendita bring ronnootud by a rod, ja. to the crunk aini.y j". which 2oiinects with the forward part of Sliding rod, K. It is evident that. suitni'iis imams. n'riy loe provided for looking ilif; rod. l against. the tension of spring'. but when the .lock` ing devise. is rele-:abeti thon tlv? i lil. operates to qiii'iifly 'throw the i ..,ii.' .riiig planes, J". to Mimi' ooi/in or Milo: positions. N'ormiillyzlion Justed for the fratliering ijlaii r. the parts are ad- '1 to lio foitlad and retained within ilu? pocket of the Prerioiifi io iiig'iii Y, on tho ground ni ot or siiiizuio iu clinfd position. i'"li; t=i. iziilj; as.' ,Ciionii Fig. l, throngli the. insiiiiinifrintiility of a. wvlienioii loam. (.)no pa; oi" tins liano is :i wheeled axle. L. .Qrciiior iiwrlly to tho frame of ti o ariori'al .veli tonazii iin" ie-.ar part thereof. :is shown in Fi, l.. Si' and. 3. Tho

oihor and for' 'ai'.i iiuit oi' ilu? .vliooi iii: inovalili". :iiiii a.R "honra in Figi. l. ami (i. the, front wlieolf L', is corfu-d liv :i

nioralilo Support. if, i'lio latiioi living; pivftod on a crow shui't. 5. aitariwri to tho frame ".voilq. This mo., @haft iii'oridril with an firm. il. to whit-.i atziijs'liod :in oporatingY Cable. if., iiio roar nari. of ivliirli Caiiio ifi i`^"trnuii to a n'miiualiv @Barat-ml l ver., L3. iid inver iiciog within rfoiiwiiiriit reach of tine operator. "ii/listan the; wait. is .at

rest.. the front part of the Wiierl hase is loworetl so that tho axles. L, L. nil". support tllr craft on tho ground for tho weight-cairvng planos to occupy they inclinoi'l position Shown iii Fig. l. lint :iltri the 'ruit is Sturtwi. tlm onoiwitor aliould i'nuiiii'iulate lever, if". for llir pnriii e of raising the Wheeled axle. L'. to tlio rniwd position shown in Fig. ii.

Depending iii'fni ning planes, D. D', .fire resistance planos. F. F. two or more of said depending roaitxinre planes boing provided on @zich Ning plano. as shown in Figs. 1, 2 .find l ci" the drawings. Each wing plane is provided. furthermore, with iipwaiwllj. er@ tending iesitanro planes. G2. G3. :is shown iii Fig. 2. Sziial rouistsince planos are pai'al' iol to thii longitudinal axis of planos, A, B, and the iwsisftanoe planes oiler surfaces above and below the Wing planes for the 85 giressuro of n'ind or air. whereby the re- Sistiince planes, F. F', G2. G3. operate to counteract. the. foire of a Side wind pressure in oitiioi dirertion which would tend to so act on the wing planes as to invert or Cnnsize the caft. fn addition to the longitiifiinal iesiStance planos n'iirli extend upn'aiwilv from and depend Vbelow the wing pianos. D. Suid Wing planes are provicioii with .inclined depending resitiiim 9 planos. M. :is: Shown in Figs. ii und i. There li-iiriieiiiiif plantas :iro inv forward oi' thi: firxilile tail iioi'tioiiv. il, of said Wing planes nifl they afford yi.. ling surfaces for wind prv. wir@ noni the ian (-nil of thi.3 Craft.

operation i as follows: With the ina.- chiniin the iio tion shown in Fig. l, the aviator taires his sont and @inmates the wires lml for thi;y purpose ot' rainingl the forward ri. or inriinlw' Q2. of wing planos. D,v D". il. i ,ioni @anni into opci'ntion 'for ua iiniiioii of rotating propeller, E, :it the efi'iiietl (irri. and sind iii'opcilri generates a mirror. Y .ir which is: ,lirrotoil rearwardly sind lioiow i in machine. partiriilariy agiainiit the, under sido ntf the. crous srrtionaliy Qiii'vofi plano. A, whereby 'the inucliino in caiisrii to uscenti. Vvvlien (lis machine Cloni' of the ground the oprriitoi lifts tlio forward i'iart. If, of the whmei liano. As 1 lioadivav iS Qainml und the aviator wishoa to fzliiiili :it u grvritci anglo, tho vvires 4wd. are oliriatmi for the purpose of raking the tail portions. lf', of the. wing 'planos .to :is to Caluso tho inzifliino t" :ifsrunrl :it a sharp an- ;io. Vi'lian the ilf's'srrii height iS attainr-l ihr .roar i'nii'tions. D, of tho wing iiliinrfS :iro alowril to assumo their normal prsitirn"` so azi. to rcmiiilv :sii'istantiaily the suino plano :in i'liriiitoi'nimliatr portionwi tim wir;i4 plano. uiiri ii .sireii. i'lie t'oinurii inrinliois, D?. of Said Win planos are lmrfiwl ut a, slight anglo in oi'ilor to looi tho craft in the (loirrfii posi .on liiiilffr oriiiii-.iiv conditions of navigatioi'i. the dtriciit parts of the 130 craft are in the. position shown in Fig. 6, wherein the wheel base is raised, the shutter, l, is moved forwardly to the closed position, and the fcathering Yanes, J, J', are housed within the rear part of the resistance plane, B, motor, Il, oiwerating to drivc the propeller. E. at the required speed. Should the machine he caught in a heavy' wind and be reouircd to stay up inthe air for the rcason that a landing would not be desirable, the operator manipulates rod, l', to open the shutter, l, and manipulates treadle, J2, for the purpose of releasing spring, K2, so as to move the feathering vanos, J, J", to their open or spread positions. as shown in Fig. 5. With the sli ts, t, in the forward part of the resistance plane, B, opened by thc adjust1 ment of the shutter, the wind pressure at. the forward part of the craft is reduced, and at the same time, the Yanes, J, J, when spread to their open positions, increase the effective area of resistance plane, B, at the rear part thereof so that the wind pressure on the rear part of plane` B, will exceed the wind pressure on the front part of said plane. lith the shutter, l, opened and the feathering planes exposed, as shown in Fig. 5, the machine will swing around so as to come headon into the wind. The machine is now in a position where it mayY readil climb to a higher altitude in order to esca-pe the force of contrary winds, and to accomplish this end the operator should start auxiliary niotor. H', into action, therebv operating the auxiliary propellers, E', E2. Should the operator find that he is too close to the wind, the wires 1, 4, 7 and S may he' manipulated so as to steer the craft in tl'ie'defrircd direction, and enable said craft to swing oil with respect to the wind in the desired manner. For the purpose of descending and alighting, thc operator temporarilycuts motors, H, Il', rut of action;l and thus permits the.

machine to glide earthward, the power heing thrown on at intervals so that the machine will descend and strike the earth with slight forcb, Should the power fail entirely, theoperator can alight easily by manipulating the wires which control ilexible members, D2, DZo'f the Wing planes. and just before alighting, the wheel hase, L is lowered so that the machine will be supported rn its carrying wheels.

.Having lthus fully described the inveir lion, What I claim as new, and desire to secure hv Letters Pat nt is: f'

1. ln an aerocravft, the combination of a Weightmarrying plane extending length` Wise of the craft, said plane being curved in cross section and the undo;` concave surface thereof being imperforate, a stabilizing plane angular in cross section, said stabilizing plane being positioned for the central line thereof to` lie substantiallv at a right angle to they longitudinal axial. line. of the weight-carrying plane, and propelling mechanism yfor driving the craft in the direction of the length of the weight-carrying plano.

ln an aerocral't. the combination of a longitudinal weightcarrying plane, said planebcing curwd in cross section, and stabilizing planes positioned at the respeo tive sides oli sai longitudinal plane, said stabilizing planes being substantially of inverted V-shape in cross section,

ln an acrocraft, the combination of a weightv carrying plane extending longitudinally of the craft, said plane being' arcshaped in cross section and closed at the top and sides and open at the bottom, and a resistance plane extending lengthwise of said arc-shaped longitudinal plane, and positioned within the closed top and side pox tions thereof. said. resistance plane depending below the respective sides of the arc sha, ed plane so that the side surfaces of said resistance plane are exposed to Wind and air pressure.

l4. ln an aerocraft, the combination of a cross sectionally curved weigzit Y carrying plane extending in the direc `ion of the length of the craft, wing-planes positioned cxtcriorlv to said weightcarrying plane, and a stabilizing plane angular in cross section. said stabilizing plane being positioned transversely with respect to the Weightcarrying plane and below the wing-planes.

In an aerocraft, the combination of n cross sectionallv curved weightcarrying plane extending in the direction' of the length of the craft. a stabilizing plane positioned transversely with respect to the weight-carrying plane, said stabilizing' plane being composed of members inclined 1everse1vwith respect to each other, and mechanism for propelling the craft in the direction of the-length of said weight-carrying plane.

` ln an acrocraft, a cross sectionallv curved plane extending in the direction of the length of the craft, a plurality of resistance planes inclined oppositely to each other and extending transversely with respect to the length of said curved plane,

and propelling meclianisin.

7. In au aorocraft. a cross seetionallv curved plane extending in the direction of the length of the craft. a resistance plane positioned centrally with respect to the curved plane and extending lengthwise tlfioreof, transverse resistance planes in clined with respect to the curved plane, and propelling mechanism.

S. In an aerocraft, a cross sectionally curved plane extending in thedlrection of the length of the craft. a' resistance plane positioned centrally withl respect to the curved plane and extendingl lengthwise thereof, resistance planes positioned temsvversely to. and inclined with respect to the curved plane, wing planes :it the respective sides of the curved plone, and propelling mechanism. e

9. In :in nerocrfift, :i eross eeetionnlly curved plane extending in tlie diri-.ction o the length .of the crufl.y :i resistance plane positioned' centrally wih respect to the, curved plaine and extending lengthwise thereof, the end portions of smid Curved planes being cut an uy. therel'iy exposing the corresponding end portions of said central resistance plane, inclined res :nice planes positioned exteriorly to the enrred plane, and propelling rnechnnisrn.

10. In on neroerzi'fn n cross seetionulliv curved plane extending in the direction of the length of the cru'let, the cone-fire n der side of said plaine being open for the iree ingress of air, stabilizing planes positioned transversely to said curved pinne, sfiiil stir bilizing planes being of :ingulzir forni in cross section, und i'nopelling inecl'ifiniinn op erating to establish below said curved plane a zone of air which is of grenier density than the surrounding atmosphere.

11. ln an neroerrii't. :i cross seetionfillv curved pinne extending in the direction of the length of the craft, the conifere under side of said plane being open for the free ingress of air, propelling mechnnisin adapt-- ed to establish below the curved pinne n zone of air which is of greater densirv than the surrounding at-niosphere, :i resistance plane positioned within, and extending lengthwise of, the curved plone, the lower portion of sriid resistance plaine being exposed to side wind or :iir pressure, :ind bilizing planes cooperating with said curved plane.

12. In an neroernft, the coinliimil'en of a longitudinal plane curred in cross seeioin a resistance plane extendingy lengthwise of Said longitudinal pli'ine and nrranijged for the lower part. thereof Lo lie exposed to side Wind and air pressure, slsiliilizing planes positioned exteriorly to the longitndinl pinnel :ind ntdie respective sides Ll'iereol", and wing: plaines extending ontwurdly 'from and lengthwise with respect. to said longi tudinnl plane.

'13 ln nn ueroornit, a ero curved pinne extending in the di: :tion oi the length ol' the nrfil'i. the con-raue under side of :mid pinne beingv open for the free in gross oi' nir. propellinr niecluinis i ui'iipied lo esiililish below the inn-red plane n, Zone oi' uir n'liieh is of grenier density l'nnn the surroundingT niinosphere :i resis'mnfe plone extending len; `rh\\'ise.of the cnrreil plune and exposed lo side ind or .fair pressnre. wing plenos nt the. respective sides of the curved pinne :ind the Central reset/nner: plane, and :1 slnbili/ing plone positioned trin'isversely to the enrved plane and the centrnl longitudinal plane` seid stabilizing plone being angular in cross section.

14. ln :in nerocruftHr :i cross seetionnlly curved plune extending in the direction of the length of the Gruft, the eonoiu'e. under side of Suid plane being: open for the free inA ,Qi-ess ol' nir, proiliellini: mechanism adapted to establish helow the curved plune :i Zone of nir which ie of rre-:iler density than the s',irroundingi atmosphere. :i resistance phine extendingY lengthwise of the einwed plaine rind ocenpwingir n predeierniined fixed relaiion thereto, smid resisunee pinne ex'ending below the lower edges of the curved plane, whereby the lower puri ol' suiri resisnnre plane is exposed to side wind or nir pressure. sind ineens for rurving the elleet'ive nren of the renti-:il longitmlinni pinne.

l5. An neroernii. provided with :i Cross serl'ionnlly Qui-red plone, open on its lower sideiin longitudinnl resisl'nnce plane exposed to wind pressure below :ind fit the ends of Smid rurred plaine. slnhility plnnes luterzilly of suid curved pinne( the lower purlj oi' snid resistance. plone exiending below the bottom edges of smid enrred plune. :ind proi'iellingj ineeliuniil'in :idnpled to establish below the Croft n Zone of nir which is of greuter densilv than lhe snrronnding Atmosphere.

lo. ln nn neroeruft. the. combination of n longitudinal plone curved in cross section, wingr plaines pos" sides of seid longitudinal planes find extend- 'ing lengthwise thereof. s:il'iili'ziiig planes posiioned below the wing plunes :ind 'mnsrersely wiih respect. to the longitudinal plane. :nid prim-felling nieehnnisin operuring; to eslfibiish below sind curved longii'udinnl pleno :1 zone of oir which is of greater densirv than the snrri'nrndin ntinospliere.

l?. n :ieroi'rnil pro"i le l with :i plnrulitifv o? weinhL-Cnrrving planes exlending in the flireeiion of the lengtlpof 'the erufi., one. of siii-l weightnrrying jplanes being Qniwed in Cross sertion. eenirnl r yunoe pinne (wirr ling lengthwise of the Croft, said resisleinim plone being inefised partially the cross seconziliv curved w dii# i plone :ind the lower port ol snifl nee plane depending from said Curved weighrrnrr'ving pinne, menne. jfor rin-ving the ei'i'eetire uref! of seid central plane,

ing ineclmnism. :ind stabilizing propel planes copernl'iin; wirli ihr, weight-rnrrg'ing plnnes.

in* ln :in nerocrfifi. the Combination of n \-1' -i;lit :irrring pinne extending in the direriion of the length of the eruit. snirl pinne beiner rnrred in Pross section :ind having the under side rhoreol' open to the free ingress of fiir. :i sinliilizaingz pinne positioned trans-- Verselv to said weiglil-enrrying pinne. smid efnliiiliifinn" plum" beine Composed of merollilrs inelined with reference to each other, wing planes positioned at; the respective mel-ut he respective ll l) nuages sides of the Weight-carrying plane, and means for propelling the craft in the direction of the length of the weight-carrying plane.

19. In an aerocraft, the combination of a weight-carrying plane extending lengthwise of the craft, said plane being semi-circular in cross section and the under concave side thereof being open for the free ingress of air, propelling means operating to establish below said Weigl'it-carrying plane a zone of air greater in density than the surrounding air, a resistance plane extending lengthwise of and de ending below said semi-circular plane, and. a stabilizing plane positioned transversely to the semi-circular plane and the resistance plane.

20. In an aerocraft, the combination of a Weighlla-carrying plane extending lengthwise of the craft, said plane being semi-circular in cross section and the under concave side thereof being open for the free ingress of air, propelling means operating to establish below said wei lat-carrying plane a zone of air greater in ensity than the surrounding air, a resistance plane extending lengthwise of and de ending belon1 said semi-circular Aplane, an( a stabilizing plane positioned transversely to the semi-circular plane and intermediate the ends thereof, said stabilizing plane being composed of members inclined oppositely to each other.

2l. An aerocraft provided with a longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, means for moving said. plane in the direction of its length, a resistance plane length- Wise of said curved plane, and a shutter for varying the effective area of said resistance plane.

An aerocralt provided with a longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, means for moving said plane in the direc tion of its length, a resistance plane lengthwise of said euri ed plane, said .resistance plane having openings for the. passage of air, and a shutter movable to close or open said openings in the plane.

2,25. An aerocraft provided with :i longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, means for moving said plane in the direction of its length, a resistance plane length- Wise of said curved plane` said resistance plane having openings for the pasnsge of air, a slidable shutter adapted to close or expose said openings, and. means for operating the slnitter.

24. An aerocraft provided with a longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, means for moving said plane in the diri-i-M tion of its length, a resistance plane lengthivise of said curved plane, and feathering planes coperating with the resistance plane for varying the effective area thereof.

An aerocraft provided with a longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, p

means for moving said plane in the direction of its length, a resistance plane lengthwise of said curved plane, feathering vanes, at the rear part of said resistance plane, and moans operated at will for adjusting said feathering vanes.

26. An aerocraft provided with a longitudinal cross sectionally curved plane, means for moving said plane in the direction of its length, a resistance lane lengthwise of said curved plane, feat ering vanes foldable Within said resistance plane, and means operated at Will to adjust said vanes to positions exposed beyond the resistance plane, whereby the area of said plane may be substantially increased.

27. In an aerocraft, Weight-carrying planes, a longitudinal resistance plane means for decreasing the effective area of said resistance plane at the forward part thereof, and means for increasing the effective area at the rear part of said plane.

28. ln an aerocraft, weight-carrying planes, a longitudinal resistance plane, a shutter operated at will for decreasing the effective area of said plane at the forward part thereof, and featheringplanes operated at will for increasing the effective area of said plane at the rear part thereof, said shutter and the feathering planes being operated independently.

29. In an acrocraft, Weight-carrying planes, a longitudinal resistance plane, pivoted planes foldable Within the resistance plane, a movable rod connected operatively with said pivoted planes, means .for normally impelling the rod in one direction, and means for operating said rod.

30. In an aerocraft, the combination of a substantially imperforate weight-carrying plane curved in cross section, said plane being open at its under side and respective ends` a stabilizing plane positioned trans-- versch.y with respect to, and. intermediate the ends of, said weight-carrying plane, propeiling mechanism, and Wing planes posi; tioned exteriorly to the Weight-carrying plano and at the respective sides thereof, said wing planes extending lengthwise of the weight-carryin plane and coiperating therewith in sustaining the Weight of the load.

31. In an aergcraft. the combination of a longitudinal plane substantially semi-circular in cross section, a second longitudinal plane positioned partly Within said semicircular plane and dependingr therefrom, a stabilizing plane positioned transversely to the two named longitudinal planes, said stabilizing plane being angular in cross section, an aviators station Within the semicircular plane and substantially at the rear of the stabilizing plane, propelling mechanism, and steering mechanism.

32. In an aerocraft, a cross seotionally curved plane extending in. the di ection of the length of the craft, a central resistance plane lengthwise of said curved plane a stabilizing plane positioned transversely with respect to said curved plane and intermediateI the ends tliereol', a propeller adapted to generate current of air which acts 'upon the concave surface of said curved plane, and aiiixiliar'y propellers positioned below, and intermedian` the ends of, said curved planeu 33. ln an aerocralt, :i cross sectionally" the direction of the length ofthe craft,

ing planes at the respective sides of said curved plane, a stabi izing plane angular in cross section and rig-rid With said carved plane, said stabilizing plane being positioned transversely with respect to said curved plane, and separate stabilizing planes positioned below and cooperating with said wing planes.

35. In an aerocra'ft, the combination of a cross sectionally curved plane extending in the direction of the length of the craft, a stabilizing plane. positioned transversely with respect to the curved plane, means for ropelling,r the craft in the direction of the length of said curved plane. Wing planes positioned at the respective sides of said curved plane, and separate stability planes depending from said wing planes, said depending stability planes being approximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the curved plane.

86. In an acrocra't't, the combination of a cross sectionally curved plane extending in the direction of the length of the craft, a stabilizingP plane positioned transversely` to the curved plano, and intermediate the ends thereof` means 'for propelling the craft in the direction of the length of said curved plane, wing' planes at the respective sides 0f said cnrvedjplanc, and other stabilizing planes carried by, and depending from, said wing planes, said stabili/.ing planes bcing approxir :tr-ly parallel to the longitudinal axis of said curved plane.

37. In an aciocralfl, the minibination ol a cross sectionallj7 curved plane extending lengthwise of the craft, a stability plane anguiar in cross section and positioned transversely to said curved plane, propelling means, wing planes at the respective sides of the craft. each Wing plane being provided at the fowfard end with a flexible tip, and means operable at will for changing the position of said flexible tip ith reference to the surface of the ning plane.

BS. ln an aerorralxt, the combination of a cross sectionally curved plane extending lengthwise of the craft, a stability plane positioned transwrsely with respect to said curved planc propelling means, Wing planes extending outwardly from said curved plane :itithe rcs'iective sides thereof, each Wing plane being provided at the Yfront part thereof with a flexible tip, and Separate means operable at will for changing the p0- sition of said llexible tips relative to the surfaces of the wing planes.

ill). ln an aerocrat, the'conibination of a cross scrtionally curved plane extending 'lengthwise oi the craft, a stability plane p0- sitioncd transversely to said curved plane, propelling means, wing' planes curved in cross section and extending outwardly from lthe respective sides of, the carved plane,

each wing plane being provided at its rear part with a flexible tip, and separate means for independenthY adjusting the flexible tips ot the respective 'ir-Jing planes.

lll), ln an aerocraft, the combination of a cross. sectionally curved plane. extending lengthwise of the craft, a stability plane positioned transversely 'with respect to said cnrred plane, propelling` means, wing planes extending outwardly from the respective sides ot the curved plane, each Win plane being provided at the trent part and at the rear part thereof with l'lcx'lble tips, and a plurality ot' separate adjusting devic s for indi vidnall)7 changing the positions o said flexible tips with reference to the surfaces of the wing planes.

4l, ln an aerocraft, a cross sectionally cin-ved plane extending lengthwise of the craft, a stability plane positioned transversely lo the curved plane.y propelling means, wing planes extending outwardly Yfrom the. respective sides of the curved planen slablliaing planes depending from said wing planes and positioned subst-antially parallel to the axis of the curved plane, and smaller resistance planes carried by the wing planes, said resistance planes being inclined relative to said wing planes.

l2. An aerocra'ft having cross sectionally curved plano extending lengthwise of thc craft` arched wing planes extending outwardly 'from said curved plane, a. stabilit)v plane angular in cross section and p0- sitioned transversely to the curved plrtne, other stability planes depending from tho wing planes, and propelling mechanism.

lil. An aerocraft having a cross sectionally curved plane extending lengthwise of the craft, wingplanes at the respective sides In testimony whereofv I have signed my of the curved plane, each wing plane being,r name to this `Specification in the presence of lo pointed toward the front end thereof and two subscribing witnesses.

said wing plane being also pointed toward the rear end,'propel11ng mechanism, a sta- ERIDERICK W GORE bility plane positioned transversely witb re 'itnesses: spcct to the curved plane, and other stabil- H. F. BERSHARD,

ity planes depending from the wing planes. M. C. POWELL 

